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1) What is Table of Content? How can you create Table of Content in MS Word? (1+4 = 5)
A Table of Content (TOC) is a list of the sections or chapters in a document, along with their corresponding page numbers. It provides a quick overview of the document's structure and helps readers navigate to specific sections easily.
Steps to Create a Table of Content in MS Word:
- Prepare your document: Make sure your document has headings and subheadings that you want to include in the TOC. Use the built-in heading styles in MS Word, such as Heading 1, Heading 2, etc.
- Click on the References tab: In the ribbon, click on the References tab.
- Click on the Table of Contents button: In the References tab, click on the Table of Contents button in the Table of Contents group.
- Select a TOC style: Choose a TOC style from the dropdown menu. You can choose from several built-in styles or create your own custom style.
- Customize the TOC: If you want to customize the TOC, click on the "Custom Table of Contents" option. This will allow you to choose which headings to include, the formatting, and other options.
- Insert the TOC: Click "OK" to insert the TOC into your document.
2) What is Page Orientation? Explain Different Types of Page Orientation in Detail. Also Explain the Use of Drop Cap. (1+3+1 = 5)
Page orientation refers to the direction in which a document's content is laid out on a page. It determines how the text and other elements are arranged and viewed in relation to the page's edges.
Different Types of Page Orientation:
- Portrait Orientation:
- Description: The page is taller than it is wide. The height of the page is greater than the width.
- Use: Commonly used for standard documents like letters, reports, and books.
- Example: Most printed books and academic papers are in portrait orientation.
- Landscape Orientation:
- Description: The page is wider than it is tall. The width of the page exceeds the height.
- Use: Often used for documents that require a wider format, such as spreadsheets or presentations.
- Example: Presentations and spreadsheets are commonly in landscape orientation to accommodate wider content.
Use of Drop Cap:
A Drop Cap is a typographical feature where the first letter of a paragraph is enlarged and styled differently from the rest of the text. It typically "drops" down into the lines of text below, creating a visually striking effect.
- Purpose: Used to draw attention to the beginning of a section or paragraph, adding a decorative element to the text.
- Application: In MS Word, select the first letter of a paragraph, go to the "Insert" tab, and choose "Drop Cap" from the Text group.
3) Describe the Process of Creating a Pivot Table in a Spreadsheet. Why Are Pivot Tables Important for Data Analysis? (3+2 = 5)
Steps to Create a Pivot Table:
- Select the Data Range: Start by selecting the range of data you want to analyze, ensuring it includes column headers and rows of data.
- Insert a Pivot Table: Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel and click on "Pivot Table". Confirm the data range and choose where to place the pivot table.
- Set Up the Pivot Table: Use the Pivot Table Field List to drag and drop fields into the Rows, Columns, Values, and Filters areas to organize and summarize the data.
- Customize and Analyze: Sort, filter, and format the pivot table as needed. You can also apply different aggregation functions such as sum, average, or count.
- Update the Pivot Table: If the data changes, right-click anywhere in the pivot table and select "Refresh" to update it.
Importance of Pivot Tables for Data Analysis:
- Data Summarization: Pivot tables allow users to quickly summarize and aggregate large amounts of data, helping to reveal trends and patterns.
- Flexible Data Analysis: They provide a flexible way to view and analyze data from different perspectives without altering the original dataset.
- Efficient Data Handling: Pivot tables simplify the handling of complex data, enabling users to perform comparisons and calculations across categories.
4. Discuss the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Animations and Transitions in a Presentation
Animations and transitions are features in presentation software like Microsoft PowerPoint that add visual effects to slides and elements within slides. While they can enhance a presentation, their use comes with both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
-
Increased Engagement:
Animations and transitions can make presentations more visually appealing and engaging. They capture the audience's attention and maintain interest throughout the presentation.
Example: A marketing presentation using animations to highlight key points can keep the audience focused and make the content more memorable.
-
Enhanced Understanding:
Animations can help illustrate complex concepts and processes by visually breaking them down. Transitions guide the audience through the flow of the presentation.
Example: A tutorial on software features using animations to show step-by-step actions helps the audience understand how to use the software more effectively.
-
Professional Appearance:
When used appropriately, animations and transitions can add a polished and professional touch. They emphasize important information and create a cohesive narrative.
Example: A financial report presentation with smooth transitions between slides and subtle animations to emphasize key data points can enhance its professional look.
Disadvantages
-
Distraction:
Excessive or flashy animations can distract the audience from the main message, making the presentation appear unprofessional.
Example: A business proposal with overly elaborate animations might overwhelm the audience and detract from key business insights.
-
Technical Issues:
Animations may not always work smoothly on all devices, leading to technical glitches that disrupt the presentation.
Example: A presentation with complex animations might not run properly on a different computer, leading to potential disruptions during a meeting.
-
Increased File Size:
Numerous animations can increase the file size of the presentation, causing performance issues and making it harder to share or load.
Example: A presentation with extensive animations might become too large to email or upload, causing delays in distribution.
In conclusion, animations and transitions can enhance a presentation, but must be used judiciously to avoid distractions and technical issues. Balancing visual effects with content clarity is key to an effective presentation.
5. Describe Database Management System (DBMS) and Its Difference from File Systems. Explain the Types of SQL Joins.
What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, manage, and manipulate databases efficiently. It provides an interface for performing operations such as data storage, retrieval, updating, and deletion while ensuring data integrity, security, and organization. Examples of DBMS include MySQL, Oracle, and SQL Server.
Difference Between DBMS and File Systems
| Feature | DBMS | File System |
|---|---|---|
| Data Storage | Data is stored in structured tables with defined relationships. | Data is stored in flat files without inherent structure. |
| Data Redundancy | Minimizes redundancy through normalization and relationships. | High redundancy with duplicate data across files. |
| Data Integrity | Enforces rules like constraints and relationships to ensure integrity. | Harder to enforce data integrity. |
| Concurrency | Supports multiple users accessing data concurrently. | Simultaneous access to data is difficult to manage. |
| Querying | Uses SQL for complex queries and data manipulation. | No built-in query language; manual data retrieval. |
| Security | Provides robust security features like access control. | Limited security; primarily based on file permissions. |
Types of SQL Joins
- INNER JOIN: Retrieves records with matching values in both tables. Returns only the rows where there is a match.
Example: Select customers who have placed orders:
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers INNER JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID; - LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER JOIN): Retrieves all records from the left table and the matched records from the right table. Returns NULL for unmatched rows in the right table.
Example: Select all customers, even those without orders:
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers LEFT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID; - RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER JOIN): Retrieves all records from the right table and the matched records from the left table. Returns NULL for unmatched rows in the left table.
Example: Select all orders, even those without matching customers:
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID; - FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER JOIN): Retrieves records where there is a match in either table. Returns all rows from both tables, with NULLs for unmatched rows.
Example: Select all customers and orders, even if some customers haven’t placed orders:
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID FROM Customers FULL JOIN Orders ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;
In conclusion, DBMS provides efficient data management compared to file systems, while SQL joins allow flexible data retrieval by combining tables in various ways.
6) What are the benefits of mail merge in MS Word? Explain the detailed steps you use to create mail merge in MS Word.
Mail merge in MS Word is a powerful tool that allows users to send personalized documents, such as letters, emails, or labels, to multiple recipients efficiently. Here are some key benefits:
- Time-Saving:
Mail merge automates the process of sending personalized documents to a large number of recipients. Instead of manually creating individual letters, you can create one template and merge it with a list of recipients. - Consistency and Accuracy:
Mail merge ensures consistency across all documents and reduces the risk of errors, such as misspelling names or addresses, by automatically pulling data from a data source. - Personalization at Scale: Customize each document with unique details for recipients.
- Efficient Mass Communication: Quickly send personalized letters, emails, or labels to many people.
- Flexibility: Works for letters, emails, labels, and envelopes.
- Professionalism: Makes communication more personal and polished.
- Consistency: Ensures uniform formatting across all documents.
- Easy Updates: Automatically reflects changes in the data source.
Steps to Create Mail Merge in MS Word
- Prepare the Main Document:
Open Word and create the document template (e.g., letter or label). - Prepare the Data Source:
Use Excel or another source to list recipient data (e.g., names, addresses). - Start Mail Merge:
Go to Mailings > Start Mail Merge and select the document type (e.g., Letters). - Select Recipients:
Click Select Recipients > Use an Existing List and choose your data source. - Insert Merge Fields:
Place fields like First Name, Address into the document where needed. - Preview Results:
Click Preview Results to see how each recipient's document looks. - Finish the Merge:
Click Finish & Merge, then choose to Print or Edit Individual Documents. - Save the Document:
Save the final merged document or print it directly.
7) What are the benefits of database normalization? Create a database in 1NF and convert it into 2NF and 3NF. Explain the ordered index and hash index.
Benefits of Database Normalization
- Eliminates Data Redundancy:
Normalization removes duplicate data by dividing it into smaller, related tables, which reduces the amount of redundant information. - Improves Data Integrity:
Ensures that data is consistent and accurate by enforcing relationships and constraints between tables, minimizing anomalies. - Efficient Data Storage:
By removing redundant data, normalization saves storage space and leads to better database management. - Simplifies Data Maintenance:
Changes to data (insertion, deletion, and updates) are easier to manage since data is not duplicated across multiple places. - Optimizes Queries:
Properly normalized databases improve query performance by reducing the size of the data set that needs to be processed. - Prevents Anomalies:
It helps to avoid update, delete, and insert anomalies, ensuring that data operations do not create inconsistencies.
Creating a Database in 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF
1NF (First Normal Form):
A table is in 1NF if:
- Each column contains atomic values (indivisible).
- There are no repeating groups.
Example:
| StudentID | StudentName | Subject1 | Subject2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | John | Math | Physics |
| 2 | Emily | Chemistry | Math |
Here, the columns Subject1 and Subject2 violate 1NF since they hold multiple values. To convert to 1NF, we need to break them into separate rows.
1NF Conversion:
| StudentID | StudentName | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | John | Math |
| 1 | John | Physics |
| 2 | Emily | Chemistry |
| 2 | Emily | Math |
2NF (Second Normal Form):
A table is in 2NF if:
- It is already in 1NF.
- There are no partial dependencies (no non-key attribute is dependent on part of the composite key).
In the above 1NF table, StudentName depends only on StudentID, and Subject depends on StudentID, leading to a partial dependency. To convert to 2NF, separate the subjects into a new table.
2NF Conversion:
| Table 1: Student | |
|---|---|
| StudentID | StudentName |
| 1 | John |
| 2 | Emily |
| Table 2: Student_Subject | |
|---|---|
| StudentID | Subject |
| 1 | Math |
| 1 | Physics |
| 2 | Chemistry |
| 2 | Math |
3NF (Third Normal Form):
A table is in 3NF if:
- It is already in 2NF.
- There are no transitive dependencies (non-key columns should not depend on other non-key columns).
Suppose StudentName in Table 1 depends on StudentID and Subject but also has a TeacherName column that depends on Subject. To remove transitive dependency, we separate TeacherName into a new table.
3NF Conversion:
| Table 1: Student | |
|---|---|
| StudentID | StudentName |
| 1 | John |
| 2 | Emily |
| Table 2: Subject | |
|---|---|
| Subject | TeacherName |
| Math | Mr. A |
| Physics | Mr. B |
| Chemistry | Mrs. C |
| Table 3: Student_Subject | |
|---|---|
| StudentID | Subject |
| 1 | Math |
| 1 | Physics |
| 2 | Chemistry |
| 2 | Math |
Ordered Index and Hash Index
Ordered Index:
- Definition: An ordered index is based on sorting the values of the indexed column. It uses a sorted data structure (e.g., B-trees) that allows for efficient range queries and ordered traversals.
- Benefits:
- Fast access to data with range queries (e.g., "find all records where age is between 20 and 30").
- Efficient retrieval for ordered results.
- Example: In a database storing employee ages, an ordered index on the age column allows for quickly finding employees between specific ages.
Hash Index:
- Definition: A hash index uses a hash function to map search keys to specific locations. It is suitable for exact matches but does not support range queries.
- Benefits:
- Fast retrieval for exact matches (e.g., finding a student by StudentID).
- Efficient for equality conditions like WHERE ID = 5.
- Limitations:
- Not useful for range-based queries since the data is not sorted.
- Hash collisions may occur, leading to additional steps to resolve them.
8) What is Content Management System? Write its advantages and limitation.
A Content Management System (CMS) is a software application that allows users to create, manage, and modify digital content on websites without requiring specialized technical knowledge, such as coding. CMS platforms provide a user-friendly interface for managing content like text, images, and videos, and often come with pre-built templates and plugins to extend functionality. Examples of popular CMS platforms include WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal.
Advantages of a Content Management System
- Ease of Use:
- Non-technical users can create and manage content easily with WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) editors, drag-and-drop functionality, and simple dashboard interfaces.
- Cost-Effective:
- CMS platforms often come with free or low-cost options, and they eliminate the need for extensive development costs since users can manage most of the content themselves.
- Collaboration and User Management:
- Multiple users can collaborate on the same project. Role-based permissions can be set for administrators, editors, and authors, allowing better workflow and security.
- Scalability and Flexibility:
- CMS platforms offer scalability, allowing users to expand their website's features with plugins and modules, like adding e-commerce, SEO optimization tools, or social media integration.
Limitations of a Content Management System
- Limited Customization:
- Although CMS platforms offer templates and plugins, deeply customized designs and functionalities may require coding skills or third-party development services.
- Security Vulnerabilities:
- CMS platforms, especially popular ones like WordPress, can be targets for hackers. If not regularly updated or maintained, security breaches can occur.
- Performance Issues:
- Extensive use of plugins and themes can slow down website performance, especially if they are poorly optimized or incompatible with each other.
- Learning Curve:
- Although CMS platforms are designed to be user-friendly, some users may still find it challenging to learn how to effectively manage and optimize their websites, especially when dealing with advanced features.
Conclusion:
CMS systems offer great benefits in ease of use and scalability but can have limitations in terms of customization, security, and performance.
9) Perceived Benefits and Challenges of Using IT in Commercial Banking Services in Nepal
Perceived Benefits of Using IT in Commercial Banking Services in Nepal
- Improved Customer Convenience:
- IT enables banks to offer online banking services, allowing customers to perform transactions, check account balances, and pay bills from their homes or offices.
- Example: Many banks in Nepal, like Nabil Bank and NIC Asia, offer mobile banking apps that allow customers to access banking services 24/7.
- Faster Transactions and Increased Efficiency:
- IT systems help in automating banking processes, reducing manual work, and speeding up transactions such as fund transfers, deposits, and withdrawals.
- Example: With the introduction of SWIFT and NEPALPAY systems, international and domestic transactions have become faster and more reliable.
- Enhanced Security:
- IT allows for stronger security mechanisms, such as encryption and biometric authentication, to protect customer data and prevent fraud.
- Example: Banks in Nepal, like Siddhartha Bank, use two-factor authentication (2FA) and biometric logins (fingerprint or facial recognition) for secure access to banking apps.
- Expanded Reach to Rural Areas:
- IT-based banking services, including mobile and agent banking, enable banks to expand their services to remote and rural areas, promoting financial inclusion.
- Example: Banks such as Laxmi Bank offer agent banking, where local agents help rural customers perform basic banking tasks using mobile technology, reducing the need to travel to physical branches.
- Cost Reduction:
- IT reduces the need for extensive physical infrastructure and staff for providing services. With the use of ATMs, online banking, and mobile apps, operational costs can be significantly reduced.
- Example: The use of ATMs across the country has reduced the need for extensive branch networks, saving banks on operational costs.
Challenges of Using IT in Commercial Banking Services in Nepal
- Infrastructure Limitations:
- Many rural and remote areas in Nepal still face challenges with reliable internet and electricity, limiting the accessibility of online and mobile banking services.
- Example: Poor internet connectivity in the hilly and mountainous regions makes it difficult for people to use mobile banking apps and digital payment services effectively.
- Cybersecurity Threats:
- The increasing use of IT in banking also increases the risk of cyberattacks, including data breaches, phishing, and hacking.
- Example: In 2018, several Nepali banks, including NIC Asia Bank, faced a cyberattack where hackers attempted to steal millions by exploiting vulnerabilities in the IT systems. This incident raised concerns about the security of digital banking platforms in the country.
- High Initial Investment:
- Implementing IT systems requires a significant initial investment in infrastructure, software, and cybersecurity measures, which can be a challenge for smaller banks.
- Example: Smaller banks in Nepal may struggle to afford advanced IT systems, putting them at a disadvantage compared to larger commercial banks that can invest in the latest technologies.
- Digital Literacy Gap:
- A significant portion of the population, especially in rural areas, lacks the digital literacy needed to use online and mobile banking services effectively.
- Example: Many people in rural Nepal still rely on traditional banking methods due to their unfamiliarity with smartphones, internet banking, or mobile banking apps.
- Regulatory and Compliance Challenges:
- The evolving regulatory framework for digital banking and data protection creates compliance challenges for banks. Ensuring that IT systems align with national and international regulations can be complex.
- Example: Banks in Nepal need to comply with Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) guidelines, which require constant updates to IT systems to meet regulatory standards, such as data security protocols.
10) According to the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, What Does the ‘Negotiable Bill of Exchange’ Include?
The Nepal Rastra Bank Act provides a framework for the regulation of financial and banking institutions in Nepal. In the context of negotiable instruments, including bills of exchange, the Act aligns with international standards and practices.
Definition and Components
A Negotiable Bill of Exchange is a financial instrument that represents an unconditional order by one party (the drawer) to another party (the drawee) to pay a specific sum of money to a third party (the payee) or to the bearer of the instrument. It is used in commercial transactions and has the following key components:
- Unconditional Order:
- The bill of exchange must contain an unconditional order to pay a specific amount of money. It should not be subject to any conditions or contingencies.
- Payable on Demand or at a Fixed Future Time:
- The bill can be payable either on demand or at a fixed or determinable future date. For example, it can specify that payment is due 30 days after sight or on a particular date.
- Signed by the Drawer:
- The bill of exchange must be signed by the drawer. This signature indicates the drawer's agreement to the terms and their commitment to ensure payment.
- Drawer, Drawee, and Payee:
- Drawer: The person who issues the bill of exchange and orders the payment.
- Drawee: The person or entity who is ordered to make the payment (usually the party who accepts the bill).
- Payee: The person or entity who will receive the payment.
- Specific Sum of Money:
- The amount to be paid must be stated clearly and specifically on the bill of exchange. It should be a fixed sum of money that can be easily determined.
- Transferability:
- The bill of exchange is negotiable, meaning it can be transferred from one party to another. This is typically done by endorsement (signing the back of the bill) and delivery, or by simply delivering the instrument if it is payable to the bearer.
Examples and Explanation
- Example of a Bill of Exchange:
Imagine a business (Company A) sells goods to another business (Company B). To facilitate the payment, Company A issues a bill of exchange to Company B. The bill might state:
"Pay to [Company B] or order the sum of NPR 100,000 on or before 30 days from the date of this bill."
Here:
- Company A is the drawer.
- Company B is the drawee and payee if it is payable to their order or to the bearer.
- Usage:
Bills of exchange are used in international trade, where they facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers across borders. They help in managing credit and ensuring payment.
Regulatory Framework
According to the Nepal Rastra Bank Act and related regulations, bills of exchange must comply with the legal standards and practices set forth for negotiable instruments. These regulations ensure the validity and enforceability of such instruments and provide a legal framework for resolving disputes related to payments.
The Nepal Rastra Bank may also set specific guidelines and standards for financial institutions and businesses in handling negotiable bills of exchange to maintain the integrity and stability of the financial system.
11) Discuss the primary function of Nepal Rastra Bank as per the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058.
The Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058 (2001) outlines the primary functions and responsibilities of the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), which is the central bank of Nepal. The Act provides a legal framework for the bank's operations and its role in the national economy. The primary functions of NRB are:
- Monetary Authority:
- Objective: To formulate and implement monetary policy to maintain price stability and control inflation.
- Details: NRB manages the country's money supply, interest rates, and other monetary tools to ensure stable economic growth and prevent excessive inflation or deflation.
- Regulator of the Banking Sector:
- Objective: To supervise and regulate commercial banks and financial institutions to ensure the stability and soundness of the financial system.
- Details: NRB sets regulations and guidelines for banking operations, including capital requirements, lending limits, and risk management practices. It conducts regular inspections and audits of financial institutions to ensure compliance.
- Custodian of Foreign Exchange:
- Objective: To manage and regulate foreign exchange reserves and transactions.
- Details: NRB oversees foreign exchange policies, including exchange rates and international trade transactions, and manages Nepal’s foreign currency reserves to stabilize the currency and support external trade.
- Banker to the Government:
- Objective: To act as the banker to the Government of Nepal, managing its accounts and financial transactions.
- Details: NRB handles the government’s transactions, including revenue collection, expenditure management, and public debt issuance. It also advises the government on economic policies and financial matters.
- Promoter of Financial Stability and Development:
- Objective: To foster financial stability and promote economic development through various initiatives.
- Details: NRB supports financial inclusion and infrastructure development, encourages the adoption of modern banking technologies, and works to enhance the overall efficiency and stability of the financial system.
Conclusion: The Nepal Rastra Bank's primary functions, as outlined in the Nepal Rastra Bank Act, 2058, include acting as the central monetary authority, regulating and supervising the banking sector, managing foreign exchange, serving as the banker to the government, and promoting financial stability and development. These functions are crucial for maintaining economic stability and fostering a robust financial system in Nepal.
12) What are the main objectives of Electronic Transactions Act, 2063? Briefly explain offences relating to computer.
The Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2006) of Nepal aims to provide a legal framework for the use of electronic records and digital transactions. The primary objectives are:
- Legal Recognition of Electronic Records:
- Objective: To ensure that electronic records, digital signatures, and electronic contracts are legally recognized and have the same legal validity as traditional paper-based documents.
- Regulation and Facilitation of Electronic Transactions:
- Objective: To promote and regulate electronic transactions, including e-commerce, by providing a clear legal structure and ensuring the reliability and security of electronic communications and records.
- Promotion of E-Governance:
- Objective: To facilitate the adoption of electronic transactions in governmental processes and services, enhancing efficiency and accessibility.
- Protection of Privacy and Data Security:
- Objective: To establish measures for the protection of personal data and privacy in electronic transactions, ensuring that individuals' data is handled securely.
Offences Relating to Computers Under the Act:
- Unauthorized Access to Computer Systems (Section 46):
- Accessing a computer system or network without proper authorization is considered a criminal offence. This includes hacking into systems to obtain, alter, or delete data without permission.
- Data Theft and Manipulation (Section 47):
- Unauthorized acquisition, alteration, or destruction of data is prohibited. This includes stealing, modifying, or deleting data from computer systems without authorization.
- Cyber Fraud (Section 48):
- Engaging in fraudulent activities using electronic means, such as phishing, identity theft, or online scams, constitutes a criminal offence. This involves deceiving individuals or organizations for personal or financial gain through electronic communications.
- Electronic Forgery (Section 49):
- The creation, alteration, or use of electronic documents with the intent to deceive or commit fraud is considered electronic forgery. This includes tampering with digital signatures or falsifying electronic records.
- Cyber Terrorism (Section 50):
- Acts intended to cause harm or disrupt computer systems and networks for political or ideological purposes fall under cyber terrorism. This includes launching attacks on critical infrastructure or disseminating harmful software.
- Violation of Privacy (Section 51):
- Unauthorized interception or monitoring of electronic communications, including emails and personal messages, is considered a violation of privacy. This includes accessing private data without consent.
- Distribution of Malicious Software (Section 52):
- Distributing or installing viruses, malware, or any harmful software intended to damage or disrupt computer systems is a criminal offence. This includes creating and spreading software that causes harm to users or systems.
- Failure to Protect Data (Section 53):
- Organizations and individuals are required to implement reasonable measures to protect electronic data. Failure to do so, resulting in data breaches or unauthorized access, can lead to legal consequences.
Enforcement and Penalties: The Act provides for penalties and legal actions against those found guilty of committing these offences. Penalties can include fines, imprisonment, or both, depending on the severity of the offence and the damage caused.
Conclusion: The Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 aims to establish a legal framework for electronic transactions and protect data security. It addresses various computer-related offences, including unauthorized access, data theft, cyber fraud, and electronic forgery, with the intent to ensure the integrity and security of electronic communications and transactions.